Research Article

Support Systems for Early-Career Postdoctoral Researchers' Professional Learning and Career Development in an Open Distance eLearning Institution

Bongani Nkambule 1 * , Sindile Amina Ngubane 1 , Mbongiseni Mdakane 2
More Detail
1 Institute for Open and Distance Learning, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa2 Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa* Corresponding Author
International Journal of Social Sciences and Artistic Innovations, 6(3), September 2026, 13-29, https://doi.org/10.35745/ijssai2026v06.03.0012
Submitted: 11 March 2026, Published: 29 September 2026
OPEN ACCESS   2 Views   1 Downloads
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

Following UNESCO's call for African higher education institutions to do everything in their power to transform into research centers of excellence, South African universities have begun appointing vast numbers of postdoctoral research fellows (postdocs), among other research personnel, to make this mission a reality. This qualitative study, situated in an interpretivist paradigm, examined the responsiveness of professional learning and career development support systems for 10 postdocs at an Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) institution. Theoretically, the study adopted Nowell et al.'s (2020) professional learning development framework, which posits that, for postdoctoral training to be ideal, it should encompass four main aspects: professional socialization, professional skills, academic development, and personal effectiveness. Several findings emerged from the study, the first of which showed that postdocs rated highly the experience gained by supervising master's and doctoral students' research projects and by publishing articles in reputable journals under mentorship. It was also revealed that the institutional culture fostered collegial relationships at both the departmental and college levels, thereby enhancing postdocs' sense of belonging. Furthermore, there were areas of concern raised by the postdocs, namely: (1) inadequate provision of essential technological hardware and software tools; (2) lack of recognition and rewards for exceptional performance; (3) lack of participation in teaching and curriculum development; (4) international conference attendance budgetary constraints, with only a select few approved to travel abroad; (5) restricted opportunities for personalized learning tailored to their developmental objectives and career aspirations; and (6) protracted processes for research ethics review and approval. The study recommended that the institution update its postdoctoral research policy to remove restrictions that prevent postdocs from accessing personalized or tailored professional learning and comprehensive career development support.

CITATION (APA)

Nkambule, B., Ngubane, S. A., & Mdakane, M. (2026). Support Systems for Early-Career Postdoctoral Researchers' Professional Learning and Career Development in an Open Distance eLearning Institution. International Journal of Social Sciences and Artistic Innovations, 6(3), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.35745/ijssai2026v06.03.0012

REFERENCES

  1. Association of American Medical Colleges. (2017). Compact between postdoctoral appointees and their mentors: A framework for aligning the postdoctoral appointee-mentor relationship. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/mission-areas/research/postdocs/compact
  2. Atieno, A. V., Onyancha, O. B., & Kwanya, T. (2021). Trends, patterns and determinants of research productivity at the Technical University of Kenya. Information Development, 38(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666920983400
  3. Baker, D. P., & Powell, J. J. W. (2024). Global mega-science. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503639102
  4. Borlee, G. (2011). Where do all the postdocs go? DNA and Cell Biology, 30(8), 537–538. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2011.2506
  5. Brannick, T., & Coghlan, D. (2007). In defense of being “native”: The case for insider academic research. Organizational Research Methods, 10(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106289253
  6. Burgio, K. R., MacKenzie, C. M., Borrelle, S. B., Ernest, S. K. M., Gill, J. L., Ingeman, K. E., Teffer, A., & White, E. P. (2020). Ten simple rules for a successful remote postdoc. PLOS Computational Biology, 16(5), e1007809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007809
  7. Cai, J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, C. (2022). A study on the relationship between organizational support and academic burnout among global postdoctoral fellows in the context of the epidemic: Evidence from 2021 Nature’s Survey. Renmin University China Education Journal, 5, 43-60.
  8. Canosa, A., Graham, A., & Wilson, E. (2018). Reflexivity and ethical mindfulness in participatory research with children: What does it really look like? Childhood, 25(3), 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568218769342
  9. Cantwell, B. (2021). Concepts for understanding the geopolitics of graduate student and postdoc mobility. In U.S. Power in International Higher Education (pp. 94–110). Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9781978820814-006
  10. Chen, C. P., & Lalovic, A. (2019). Career development for doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in Canada. Australian Journal of Career Development, 28(3), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416219828087
  11. Clegg, S. (2012). Conceptualising higher education research and/or academic development as ‘fields’: A critical analysis. Higher Education Research & Development, 31(5), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.690369
  12. Coda Zabetta, M., & Geuna, A. (2026). Postdoctoral mobility and returnees' careers in Italian academia. Research Policy, 55(4), 105456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2026.105456
  13. Council on Higher Education. (2022). The ‘Academic Precariat’: Postdoctoral fellows in South African higher education. Council on Higher Education.
  14. Cowling, N. (2022). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a share of GDP in South Africa, 2020-2022. Statistics South Africa.
  15. Craig, A. M., Harris, J. M., & Woodfield, R. (2025). Collegiality in the complex ecosystem of research in academia: An analysis of a research-intensive university in the UK. Studies in Higher Education, 50(12), 2996–3015. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2448756
  16. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. SAGE.
  17. Cuff, E. (2014). The effect and importance of technology in the research process. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 43(1), 75–97. https://doi.org/10.2190/et.43.1.f
  18. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 416-436). SAGE.
  19. Dlamini, N., Methi, L., Mkhize, T. R., & Chauke, T. A. (2024). Enhancing professional growth: Effective mentorship strategies in an open distance e-learning institution. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(11), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.11.3
  20. Dorenkamp, I., & Weiß, E. E. (2018). What makes them leave? A path model of postdocs’ intentions to leave academia. Higher Education, 75(5), 747–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0164-7
  21. Fahnert, B. (2015). On your marks, get set, go!—lessons from the UK in enhancing employability of graduates and postgraduates. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 362(19), fnv150. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnv150
  22. Fetzer, J. (2008). Roles and responsibilities of graduate students and post-docs. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 392(7-8), 1251–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2393-1
  23. Gater, C. L. (2019). Postdoc satisfaction perceptions regarding mentoring, professional development, and the work environment (Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University).
  24. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
  25. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/257990
  26. Grossman, E. S., & Crowther, N. J. (2015). Co-supervision in postgraduate training: Ensuring the right hand knows what the left hand is doing. South African Journal of Science, 111(11/12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/20140305
  27. Guccione, K. (2019, April 30). Postdocs can’t supervise! Supervising PhDs. https://supervisingphds.wordpress.com/2019/04/30/postdocs-cant-supervise/
  28. Hauss, K. (2021). What are the social and scientific benefits of participating at academic conferences? Insights from a survey among doctoral students and postdocs in Germany. Research Evaluation, 30(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvaa018
  29. Head, G. (2020). Ethics in educational research: Review boards, ethical issues and researcher development. European Educational Research Journal, 19(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118796315
  30. Herschberg, C. (2019). Through the gate of the neoliberal academy: The (re)production of inequalities in the recruitment and selection of early-career researchers. GVO Drukkers & Vormgevers.
  31. Hlatshwayo, M. N. (2024a). You’re brought in as a workhorse, and there’s no real security here! Postdocs, precarity and the neoliberal university in South Africa. Psychology in Society, 66(2), 26-44. https://scielo.org.za/pdf/pins/v66n2/02.pdf
  32. Hlatshwayo, M. N. (2024b). Women postdocs in a neoliberal higher education in South Africa. Southern African Review of Education with Education with Production, 29(2), 35-49. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-sare_v29_n2_a4
  33. Hlatshwayo, M. N. (2025, April 10). Postdocs are the ‘ice boys’ and ‘ice girls’ of the HE sector. University World News (Africa Edition). https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20250409182324538
  34. Hokanson, S. C., & Goldberg, B. B. (Eds.). (2018a). The postdoc landscape. Academic Press.
  35. Hokanson, S. C., & Goldberg, B. B. (2018b). Proactive postdoc mentoring. Academic Press.
  36. Hokanson, S. C., Grannan, S., Greenler, R., Gillian-Daniel, D. L., Campa, H., III, & Goldberg, B. B. (2019). A study of synchronous, online professional development workshops for graduate students and postdocs reveals the value of reflection and community building. Innovative Higher Education, 44(5), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-019-9470-6
  37. Holley, K., Kuzhabekova, A., Osbaldiston, N., Cannizzo, F., Mauri, C., Simmonds, S., Teelken, C., & van der Weijden, I. (2018). Global perspectives on the postdoctoral scholar experience. In The Postdoc Landscape (pp. 203–226). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813169-5.00009-4
  38. Infrastructure Global Limited. (2024). The importance of access to technology in determining student success. https://www.instructure.com/en-gb/resources/blog/importance-access-technology-determining-student-success
  39. Jadavji, N., Adi, M., Corkery, T., Inoue, J., & Van Benthem, K. (2016). The 2016 Canadian national postdoctoral survey report. Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars. https://www.caps-acsp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016_CAPS-ACSP-National_Postdoc_Survey_Report.pdf
  40. Jiao, L., & Wu, R. (2025). Workhorse or precarity? Understanding the contested roles of postdocs in Chinese higher education. Education as Change, 29, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/19407
  41. Karimi, F. K. (2015). Academic programmes in universities in east Africa: A catalyst to development. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(3), 140–155. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v4n3p140
  42. Kerr, P. (2020, May 31). Perverse incentives for universities are wasting the skills and work of postdoctoral fellows. https://mg.co.za/education/2020-05-31-perverse-incentives-for-universities-are-wasting-the-skills-and-work-of-postdoctoral-fellows/
  43. Kerr, P. (2022a). Academic pipeline or academic treadmill? Postdoctoral fellowships and the circular logic of development. South African Journal of Higher Education, 36(3), 72-90. https://doi.org/10.20853/36-3-5080
  44. Kerr, P. (2022b). Career development or career delay? Postdoctoral fellowships and the de-professionalizing of academic work in South African universities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 43(4), 550-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2045902
  45. Kreeger, K. (2002). At last, a chance for postdocs to learn how to teach. Nature, 415(6875), 5–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nj6875-05a
  46. Kumwenda, S., Niang, E. H. A., Orondo, P. W., William, P., Oyinlola, L., Bongo, G. N., & Chiwona, B. (2017). Challenges facing young African scientists in their research careers: A qualitative exploratory study. Malawi Medical Journal, 29(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v29i1.1
  47. Lambert, W. M., Nana, N., Afonja, S., Saeed, A., Amado, A. C., & Golightly, L. M. (2025). Addressing structural mentoring barriers in postdoctoral training: A qualitative study. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 16(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-04-2023-0033
  48. Laudel, G., & Gläser, J. (2008). From apprentice to colleague: The metamorphosis of early career researchers. Higher Education, 55(3), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9063-7
  49. Li, J., & Xue, E. (2022). “Sustainable or unsustainable” in higher education internationalization development: Exploring the post-doctoral system in the humanities and social sciences. Sustainability, 14(17), 11024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711024
  50. Liu, X., & Burnett, D. (2022). Insider-outsider: Methodological reflections on collaborative intercultural research. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 314. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01336-9
  51. Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D. T., & Voegtle, K. H. (2010). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
  52. López, C. A. (2020). Are letters of recommendation the ace under the sleeve of bully mentors? Surviving bullying in higher education. https://www.mariecuriealumni.eu/newsletter/top-tips-researchers-newsletter-november-2020
  53. Mahome, M. M., & Mphahlele, L. K. (2025). Advancing the career prospects of postdoctoral research fellows: An organisational justice perspective. International Journal of Educational Development in Africa, 10(Supplementary Issue), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.25159/2312-3540/17536
  54. Maiyo, J. (2015). Education and poverty correlates: A case of Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 7(7), 142-148.
  55. Means, A. J. (2022). Precarity and the precaritization of teaching. In Encyclopedia of teacher education (pp. 1360-1364). Springer.
  56. Melwar, P. (2023). Uncredited work and lack of recognition: A conundrum for Postdocs. https://www.techexplorist.com/uncredited-work-lack-recognition-conundrum-postdocs/76983/
  57. Mendez, S. L., Tygret, J. A., Conley, V. M., Keith, R., Haynes, C., & Gerhardt, R. (2019). Emeriti faculty as mentors: The benefits and rewards of mentoring the next generation. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 27(4), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2019.1649921
  58. Mgaiwa, S., & Kapinga, O. (2021). Mentorship of early career academics in Tanzania: Issues and implications for the next generation of academics. Higher Education Pedagogies, 6(1), 114-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2021.1904433
  59. Mitchell, J., Walker, V., Annan, R., Corkery, T., Goel, N., Harvey, L., Kent, D. G., Peters, J., & Vilches, S. (2013). The 2013 Canadian Postdoc Survey: Painting a picture of Canadian postdoctoral scholars. Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars & Mitacs.
  60. Mncube, S., Nkambule, B., & Ngubane-Mokiwa, S. (2024). ICT tools for open educational resources used in an open distance E-learning institution in the fourth industrial revolution era. Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies, 42(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-659x/15200
  61. Mothapo, P. N. (2021, October 7). Improving the plight of the postdoc during COVID and beyond. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20211004153510765
  62. Mouton, J., van Lill, M., Prozesky, H., Bailey, T., Duncan, M., Boshoff, N., Strydom, S., & Treptow, R. (2021). A national tracer study of doctoral graduates in South Africa. DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy.
  63. Mthombeni, Z. M. (2023). The ‘Academic Precariat’: Towards professionalizing postdoctoral fellowships in South African higher education institutions. Paper presented at the African Research Universities Alliance Biennial International Conference, University of Lagos, Nigeria. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/22720
  64. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2000). Enhancing the postdoctoral experience for scientists and engineers. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9831
  65. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. (2014). The postdoctoral experience revisited. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18982
  66. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2017). Early career doctorates survey. National Science Foundation.
  67. National Research Foundation. (2024). Postdoctoral guidelines. https://www.nrf.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NRF-Postdoctoral-Fellowships-2025-Application-and-Funding-Guide.pdf
  68. Niemczyk, E. K., & Rónay, Z. (2023). Roles, requirements and autonomy of academic researchers. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(2), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12403
  69. Nowell, L., Ovie, G., Kenny, N., Hayden, K. A., & Jacobsen, M. (2020). Professional learning and development initiatives for postdoctoral scholars. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 11(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-03-2019-0032
  70. Ocholla, D., Ocholla, L., & Onyancha, O. B. (2013). Insight into research publication output of academic librarians in Southern African public universities from 2002 to 2011. African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 23(1), 5-22.
  71. Ogunbodede, K. F., Okechukwu, B., & Uchendu, H. I. C. (2023). Research methods for university scholars. Katapuno Prints.
  72. Page, S. A., & Nyeboer, J. (2017). Improving the process of research ethics review. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-017-0038-7
  73. Prescott, H. (2023). Beyond the data: Navigating the struggles of post-PhD employability. In The SAGE Handbook of Graduate Employability (pp. 45–60). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529791082.n5
  74. Prozesky, H., & Van Schalkwyk, F. (2024). The profile of postdoctoral research fellows in South Africa: Trends over the past two decades. South African Journal of Science, 120(1/2). https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/15898
  75. Rosowsky, D. (2022). The role of research at universities: Why it matters. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrosowsky/2022/03/02/the-role-of-research-at-universities-why-it-matters/
  76. Salihu Shinkafi, T. (2020). Challenges experienced by early career researchers in Africa. Future Science OA, 6(5), FSO469. https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0012
  77. Shukla, D., Tripathi, M., & Devi, B. I. (2019). Conversion of thesis to peer-reviewed publication. Indian Journal of Neurosurgery, 8(2), 93-99.
  78. Steen, K., Vornhagen, J., Weinberg, Z. Y., Boulanger-Bertolus, J., Rao, A., Gardner, M. E., & Subramanian, S. (2021). A structured professional development curriculum for postdoctoral fellows leads to recognized knowledge growth. PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0260212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260212
  79. Taghipour, A. (2025). The value of research: Benefits for universities, scholars, students and society. PSB University of Cambodia.
  80. Teherani, A., Martimianakis, T., Stenfors-Hayes, T., Wadhwa, A., & Varpio, L. (2015). Choosing a qualitative research approach. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 7(4), 669–670. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00414.1
  81. Thomas, R. (2025, September 30). From promise to precarity: The plight of international postdocs - When will academia act? Front Matter. https://doi.org/10.54900/w8z54-zq587
  82. University of South Africa. (2020). Research professors, endowed chairs and postdoctoral fellow policy. University of South Africa.
  83. University of South Africa. (2018). Travel and accommodation policy. University of South Africa.
  84. University of South Africa. (2024). The 3rd National Postdoctoral Fellowship Forum, 3-5 July 2024. University of South Africa.
  85. University of South Africa. (2025). Postdoctoral research fellowship framework. University of South Africa.
  86. Van Benthem, K., Nadim Adi, M., Corkery, C. T., Inoue, J., & Jadavji, N. M. (2020). The changing postdoc and key predictors of satisfaction with professional training. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 11(1), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-06-2019-0055
  87. Van Schalkwyk, F. (2024). New guidelines for the appointment, retention and development of postdoctorates. Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology. https://www0.sun.ac.za/crest/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Postdoctoral-Guidelines-2024.pdf
  88. Wang, L., Jing, Z., Li, R., Xinzhu, H., & Hedi, Y. (2025). Gender barriers and career advancement challenges: A qualitative study of female postdoctoral researchers in China’s higher education. Education as Change, 29(1), 18475. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/18475
  89. Weidman, J. C., Twale, D. J., & Stein, E. L. (2001). Socialization of graduate and professional students in higher education: A perilous passage? Jossey-Bass.
  90. Wild, L., Canale, A. M., & Herdklotz, C. (2017). The power of many: Mentoring networks for growth and development. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1145735
  91. Woldegiorgis, E. T. (2025). Precarity in the ivory tower: Exploring the challenges of postdoctoral researchers in German higher education. Education as Change, 29(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/19341
  92. Woolston, C. (2020). Pandemic darkens postdocs’ work and career hopes. Nature, 585(7824), 309–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02548-2
  93. Yadav, A., & Seals, C. (2019). Taking the next step: Supporting postdocs to develop an independent path in academia. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-019-0168-1